[ty] Suppress false positives when dataclasses.dataclass(...)(cls) is called imperatively (#21729)

Fixes astral-sh/ty#1705

Author: AlexWaygood

crates/ty_python_semantic/resources/mdtest/dataclasses/dataclasses.md

@@ -1462,3 +1462,57 @@ def test_c():
     c = C(1)
     c.__lt__ = Mock()
 ```
+
+## Imperatively calling `dataclasses.dataclass`
+
+While we do not currently recognize the special behaviour of `dataclasses.dataclass` if it is called
+imperatively, we recognize that it can be called imperatively and do not emit any false-positive
+diagnostics on such calls:
+
+```py
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing_extensions import TypeVar, dataclass_transform
+
+U = TypeVar("U")
+
+@dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True)
+def sequence(cls: type[U]) -> type[U]:
+    d = dataclass(
+        repr=False,
+        eq=False,
+        match_args=False,
+        kw_only=True,
+    )(cls)
+    reveal_type(d)  # revealed: type[U@sequence] & Any
+    return d
+
+@dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True)
+def sequence2(cls: type) -> type:
+    d = dataclass(
+        repr=False,
+        eq=False,
+        match_args=False,
+        kw_only=True,
+    )(cls)
+    reveal_type(d)  # revealed: type & Any
+    return d
+
+@dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True)
+def sequence3(cls: type[U]) -> type[U]:
+    # TODO: should reveal `type[U@sequence3]`
+    return reveal_type(dataclass(cls))  # revealed: Unknown
+
+@dataclass_transform(kw_only_default=True)
+def sequence4(cls: type) -> type:
+    # TODO: should reveal `type`
+    return reveal_type(dataclass(cls))  # revealed: Unknown
+
+class Foo: ...
+
+ordered_foo = dataclass(order=True)(Foo)
+reveal_type(ordered_foo)  # revealed: type[Foo] & Any
+# TODO: should be `Foo & Any`
+reveal_type(ordered_foo())  # revealed: @Todo(Type::Intersection.call)
+# TODO: should be `Any`
+reveal_type(ordered_foo() < ordered_foo())  # revealed: @Todo(Type::Intersection.call)
+```

crates/ty_python_semantic/src/types.rs

@@ -6226,12 +6226,26 @@ impl<'db> Type<'db> {
             ),
 
             Type::Intersection(_) => {
-                Binding::single(self, Signature::todo("Type::Intersection.call()")).into()
+                Binding::single(self, Signature::todo("Type::Intersection.call")).into()
+            }
+
+            Type::DataclassDecorator(_) => {
+                let typevar = BoundTypeVarInstance::synthetic(db, "T", TypeVarVariance::Invariant);
+                let typevar_meta = SubclassOfType::from(db, typevar);
+                let context = GenericContext::from_typevar_instances(db, [typevar]);
+                let parameters = [Parameter::positional_only(Some(Name::new_static("cls")))
+                    .with_annotated_type(typevar_meta)];
+                // Intersect with `Any` for the return type to reflect the fact that the `dataclass()`
+                // decorator adds methods to the class
+                let returns = IntersectionType::from_elements(db, [typevar_meta, Type::any()]);
+                let signature = Signature::new_generic(
+                    Some(context),
+                    Parameters::new(db, parameters),
+                    Some(returns),
+                );
+                Binding::single(self, signature).into()
             }
 
-            // TODO: this is actually callable
-            Type::DataclassDecorator(_) => CallableBinding::not_callable(self).into(),
-
             // TODO: some `SpecialForm`s are callable (e.g. TypedDicts)
             Type::SpecialForm(_) => CallableBinding::not_callable(self).into(),