Clean up PhysicalExprAdapter and PhysicalExprSimplifier

[adriangb]

This is a nice improvement because it:

1. Makes the PhysicalExprAdapter trait that users might need to implement simpler (less boilerplate for users).
2. Decouples these two transformations so that we can replace partition values and then apply a projection without having to also do the schema mapping (it would be from the logical schema to the logical schema, confusing and a waste of compute). I ran into this need in Push down projection expressions into ParquetOpener #19111. I think there may be other ways of doing it (e.g. piping in the expected output schema from ParquetSource) but it felt nicer this way and I expect other places may also need the decoupled transformation.
3. I think we can use it in the future to implement Replace constant columns with literals #19089.
4. It's less lines of code 😄

[adriangb]

This is backwards compatible (aside from compiler warnings that the variable doesn't need to be mutable) and means we can keep multiple references, arc it, etc.

[adriangb]

This is blocked by one of #19129 or #19130, I think either should make it work. Currently some tests fail because we can't prune based on 1 = 2.

As a follow up to this we should be able to delete PartitionPruningStatistics and hence remove CompositePruningStatistics and simplify FilePruner. They'll need to go through the deprecation process, and we'll need to document that you should call replace_columns_with_literals instead.

[adriangb]

I've merged #19129 into this branch to get CI passing. I'll fix the conflicts once we merge that.